• Hyaluronic acid is composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine disaccharide units
• Hyaluronic acid (HA, also known as hyaluronan; hyaluronate is its conjugate base) is an acidic, non-sulphated glycosaminoglycan that exists throughout the human body. Widely distributed, HA is found in the connective tissue of the dermis, synovial fluid, the vitreum, the dental pulp matrix, and other parts of the body.¹⁴
• Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan that occurs naturally within the synovial fluid of the knee, providing lubrication of the joint and protecting the cartilage from mechanical degradation. 

Clinical Experience With Hyaluronic Acid in Orthopaedics

• Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been used mostly in the treatment of cartilage and osteoarthritis.
• It has been used in several joints (knee, ankle, shoulder, hip, first carpometacarpal, etc.).
• It has shown transient benefits in pain relief and improved range of motion (minimum 6 months).
• It has rare adverse effects (mainly self-limited pain and swelling (spontaneously solved within 48 h)).
• It has shown promising results in the treatment of tendinopathies including enteropathies.Intra-tendon injections might have rious effects.¹⁶